Physics of Galaxies

Quarter 4, 2011

Instructor:

Prof.dr. S.C. (“Scott”) Trager
Zernikegebouw (Kapteynborg) room 158
(050) 363 66 25
S.C.Trager [you know what to do] astro.rug.nl

Assistant:

Gergö Popping
Zernikegebouw (Kapteynborg) room 138
(050) 363 4050
G.Popping [and here too] astro.rug.nl

Required text:

Sparke & Gallagher, “Galaxies in the Universe (Second Edition)”, Cambridge (SG)
Note errata at http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~sparke/book/errata.html

Useful (recommended) texts:

Note that both of these books are much more advanced than SG, but are the “bibles” for professional astronomers and are very good to have as references in your collection.
Binney & Merrifield, “Galactic Astronomy”, Princeton (BM)
Note errata at http://www-thphys.physics.ox.ac.uk/people/JamesBinney/bmerrors.pdf
Binney & Tremaine, “Galactic Dynamics (Second Edition)”, Princeton (BT)

Evaluation:

The mark for this course will be determined by a final examination.  There will also be 4 problem sets distributed and collected; successful completion of all problem sets (with a mark >50%) will add 0.5 to the final mark.

Course goals:

To develop an overview of the astrophysics of galaxies: their structures, dynamics, and compositions, with an eye towards understanding their formation and evolutionary processes.

“But the race of birds was created out of innocent light-minded men, who, although their minds were directed toward heaven, imagined, in their simplicity, that the clearest demonstration of the things above was to be obtained by sight” … and not by physics and mathematics! (Plato, Timaeus)


Syllabus:

Date
Topic
Reading
26 April
Aims of course, requirements
Introduction: Overview of Milky Way and other galaxies; Galaxies as “crossroads of astronomy”; Galaxy regularities: clues to formation; Dark vs. visible matter; Galaxy formation with dark matter
Galaxy morphologies: Two components: spheroids and disks; the Hubble Sequence: galaxy classification and physical meaning
SG 1.3; BM 4.1.1
27 April
Stellar populations (Updated 10.05.2011): Stellar spectra; photometric systems: magnitudes and colors; color–magnitude diagrams: field and clusters, effects of age and metallicity; luminosity function, initial mass function, and birth rate of stars in the solar neighborhood and elsewhere; evolution of single stellar populations; introduction to stellar abundances
SG 1.1, 2.1, 2.2; BM 2.3, 3.1, 3.3.1, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.1.3, 5.1.5, 5.4, 6.1.1, 6.1.2, 6.1.3, 6.1.4, 6.2
29 April
werkcollege CANCELLED

3 May
Stellar populations, continued

4 May
The cosmic distance ladder: Geometric and relative distances; the Hubble Law; reliability and caveats
SG 1.4; BM 2.1, 2.2, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
6 May
werkcollege: Problem Set 1
10 May
The Milky Way, part 1 – Components of the Milky Way: Spatial distribution of stars: the thin and thick disks, the halo, the bulge, bar, and central black hole; characteristics and tracers; the “population concept”
SG 2.2, 2.3; BM 10.1-10.5
11 May
Abundances and Galactic Chemical Evolution models: Chemical evolution: metallicity as an age tracer; nucleosynthesis in galaxies; GCE models: closed box, the G dwarf problem, inflow and outflow
SG 4.3.2; BM 5.2, 5.3
13 May
werkcollege: Problem Set 2
17 May
(Scott absent) The Milky Way, part 2 – Dynamics and kinematics of gas: HI and CO; rotation curve; mass of MW (see also this and this)
SG 2.3; BM 9.1, 9.2
18 May
Class cancelled
20 May
werkcollege Cancelled
24 May
The Milky Way, part 3 – Internal kinematics: Local Standard of Rest; Galactic rotation; Oort constants; solar motion; motions of disk stars; kinematics of thick disk, halo, and bulge.
SG 2.2, 2.3; BM 10.1-10.5 (again)
25 May
Galactic Dynamics 1: Motion under gravity.  Gravitational potential vs. mass density; spherical systems and Newton’s theorems; encounters and two-body relaxation; the virial theorem.
SG 3.1, 3.2; BT 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.5.1, 2.6, 2.7 (BT is very advanced – only read if interested!)
27 May
werkcollege: Problem Set 3
31 May
Galactic Dynamics 2 (Updated 27.06.2011): Orbits of disk stars: effective potential; conserved quantities; epicycles; relation to Oort constants; the Collisionless Boltzmann Equation and its moments SG 3.3, 3.4; BT 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.8 (BT is very advanced – only read if interested!)
1 June
Disk Galaxies: Photometry: surface brightness distributions, dust, bulge-disk decomposition; spiral structure; Spectra: star formation, stellar populations; Velocity fields and rotation curves; mass distributions and dark matter; Scaling relations: Tully-Fisher and other correlations between observables SG 5 (skip 5.1.1); BM 4.2, 4.4, 11.3
7 June
Elliptical Galaxies: Photometry: surface brightness distributions, Spectra: stellar populations; Velocity fields: slow vs. fast rotators, black holes and dark matter; Scaling relations: Fundamental Plane and other correlations between observables; black hole–bulge mass relation
SG 6; BM 4.3, 11.2
8 June
Elliptical galaxies, continued
10 June
werkcollege: Problem Set 4
14 June
Active Galactic Nuclei: Generalities; classification; physical origin and unification; starburst galaxies; feedback processes in galaxy evolution SG 9.1; BM 4.6
15 June
Galaxies and Their Environments: Groups, including the Local Group; clusters; environmental impact on evolution; the concept of hierarchies; mergers
SG 4.1, 4.2, 4.4, 4.5, 7; BM 4.1.2, 4.1.3, 4.1.4
22 June (14.00)
Review session
29 June (09.00)
Exam